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he was given a knighthood

  • 1 knighthood

    noun (the rank or title of a knight: He received a knighthood from the Queen.) título de Sir
    tr['naɪthʊd]
    1 título de caballero
    knighthood ['naɪt.hʊd] n
    1) : caballería f
    2) : título m de Sir
    n.
    • caballería s.f.
    'naɪthʊd
    noun ( title) título m de sir
    ['naɪthʊd]
    N
    1) (=order) caballería f
    2) (=title) título m de caballero; (modern) (Brit) título m de Sir

    he was given a knighthood — le otorgaron el título de Sir; (Hist) fue armado caballero

    * * *
    ['naɪthʊd]
    noun ( title) título m de sir

    English-spanish dictionary > knighthood

  • 2 distinción

    f.
    1 distinction, cachet, elegance.
    2 differentiation, distinction, discrimination.
    3 privilege, distinction.
    4 difference, distinction, dissimilitude.
    5 distinctness, distinction.
    * * *
    1 (gen) distinction
    2 (elegancia) distinction, elegance, refinement
    3 (deferencia) deference, respect, consideration
    \
    a distinción de unlike, in contrast to
    hacer una distinción con alguien to treat somebody with deference
    sin distinción de irrespective of
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=diferencia) distinction

    hacer una distinción entre... — to make a distinction between...

    • a distinción de algo — unlike sth, in contrast to sth

    • hacer una distinción con algn — to show special consideration to sb

    • sin distinción, todos serán tratados sin distinción — everybody will be treated without distinction

    sin distinción de edad — irrespective o regardless of age

    sin distinción de raza — regardless of race, without distinction of race

    2) (=privilegio) distinction

    distinción honorífica — honour, honor (EEUU)

    3) (=elegancia) elegance, refinement
    * * *
    a) ( diferencia) distinction

    hacer una distinción entre... — to draw o make a distinction between...

    b) ( elegancia) distinction, elegance
    c) (honor, condecoración) award
    * * *
    = differencing, distinction, distinguishability, divide, excellence, distinction, discernment, cachet.
    Ex. Differencing is a method for providing entries under words other than the first in a compound term.
    Ex. Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.
    Ex. In this article, the notion of distinguishability is used to measure the degree to which two values of an attribute are dissimilar.
    Ex. Nevertheless, this basic divide remains a useful distinction between two major categories of indexing systems.
    Ex. The limits are set by the graininess of the film, the excellence of the optical system, and the efficiency of the light sources employed.
    Ex. Mystery and detective stories, love and romance fiction, adventure and western stories, recent novels widely publicized but of little literary distinction, popularizations of current affairs characterized by sensationalism and easy dogmatism rather than by dispassionate and qualified analysis -- these and similar books are widely circulated by the public library.
    Ex. He was an social anthropologist associated with what has become known as functionalism, in which he put forward the idea that questions concerning the origins, stages and law of development in culture are subordinate or secondary to discernment of functions.
    Ex. At a more personal level the publisher can use the name of a person already known, usually in other media, so as to give a special cachet to a book.
    ----
    * hacer poca distinción entre... y... = make + little distinction between... and....
    * hacer una distinción = draw + distinction.
    * hacer una distinción entre... y... = make + distinction between... and....
    * sin hacer distinciones = one size fits all.
    * * *
    a) ( diferencia) distinction

    hacer una distinción entre... — to draw o make a distinction between...

    b) ( elegancia) distinction, elegance
    c) (honor, condecoración) award
    * * *
    = differencing, distinction, distinguishability, divide, excellence, distinction, discernment, cachet.

    Ex: Differencing is a method for providing entries under words other than the first in a compound term.

    Ex: Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.
    Ex: In this article, the notion of distinguishability is used to measure the degree to which two values of an attribute are dissimilar.
    Ex: Nevertheless, this basic divide remains a useful distinction between two major categories of indexing systems.
    Ex: The limits are set by the graininess of the film, the excellence of the optical system, and the efficiency of the light sources employed.
    Ex: Mystery and detective stories, love and romance fiction, adventure and western stories, recent novels widely publicized but of little literary distinction, popularizations of current affairs characterized by sensationalism and easy dogmatism rather than by dispassionate and qualified analysis -- these and similar books are widely circulated by the public library.
    Ex: He was an social anthropologist associated with what has become known as functionalism, in which he put forward the idea that questions concerning the origins, stages and law of development in culture are subordinate or secondary to discernment of functions.
    Ex: At a more personal level the publisher can use the name of a person already known, usually in other media, so as to give a special cachet to a book.
    * hacer poca distinción entre... y... = make + little distinction between... and....
    * hacer una distinción = draw + distinction.
    * hacer una distinción entre... y... = make + distinction between... and....
    * sin hacer distinciones = one size fits all.

    * * *
    1 (diferencia) distinction
    hacer una distinción entre … to draw o make a distinction between …
    se les tratará a todos por igual sin hacer distinciones everyone will be treated the same, without distinction
    sin distinción de raza o credo regardless of race or creed
    no hago distinciones con nadie I don't give anyone special o preferential treatment
    2 (elegancia) distinction, elegance
    3 (honor, condecoración) award
    le otorgaron una distinción por su valor she was given an award for her bravery
    esta distinción se otorga a … this award is presented to …, this distinction is awarded to …
    * * *

    distinción sustantivo femenino


    sin distinción de raza o credo regardless of race or creed;
    no hago distinciones con nadie I don't give anyone preferential treatment

    c) (honor, condecoración) award

    distinción sustantivo femenino
    1 distinction
    sin distinción de raza o religión, irrespective of race or religión
    2 (elegancia) distinction
    3 (privilegio) honour
    ' distinción' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caché
    - cachet
    - honor
    - indistintamente
    - clase
    - color
    - diferencia
    - lustre
    English:
    distinction
    - fine
    - OBE
    - irrespective
    * * *
    1. [diferencia] distinction;
    a distinción de in contrast to, unlike;
    hacer o [m5] establecer una distinción entre to make o draw a distinction between;
    hizo la distinción entre estrella y asteroide he drew a distinction between stars and asteroids;
    hacer distinciones en el trato to treat people differently;
    no me gusta hacer distinciones con nadie I don't like to give preferential treatment to anyone;
    obsequió a todos sin distinción he gave presents to everyone alike;
    sin distinción de sexo, raza o religión without distinction of sex, race or religion
    2. [privilegio] privilege;
    [condecoración] award;
    3. [modales, elegancia] refinement, elegance;
    viste con distinción he dresses elegantly
    * * *
    f distinction;
    sin distinción without distinction;
    hacer una distinción entre make a distinction between;
    * * *
    distinción nf, pl - ciones : distinction
    * * *
    distinción n distinction

    Spanish-English dictionary > distinción

  • 3 Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius

    SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. c. 1590 St Maartensdijk, Zeeland, the Netherlands
    d. 4 February 1656 probably London, England
    [br]
    Dutch/British civil engineer responsible for many of the drainage and flood-protection schemes in low-lying areas of England in the seventeenth century.
    [br]
    At the beginning of the seventeenth century, several wealthy men in England joined forces as "adventurers" to put their money into land ventures. One such group was responsible for the draining of the Fens. The first need was to find engineers who were versed in the processes of land drainage, particularly when that land was at, or below, sea level. It was natural, therefore, to turn to the Netherlands to find these skilled men. Joachim Liens was one of the first of the Dutch engineers to go to England, and he started work on the Great Level; however, no real progress was made until 1621, when Cornelius Vermuyden was brought to England to assist in the work.
    Vermuyden had grown up in a district where he could see for himself the techniques of embanking and reclaiming land from the sea. He acquired a reputation of expertise in this field, and by 1621 his fame had spread to England. In that year the Thames had flooded and breached its banks near Havering and Dagenham in Essex. Vermuyden was commissioned to repair the breach and drain neighbouring marshland, with what he claimed as complete success. The Commissioners of Sewers for Essex disputed this claim and whthheld his fee, but King Charles I granted him a portion of the reclaimed land as compensation.
    In 1626 Vermuyden carried out his first scheme for drainage works as a consultant. This was the drainage of Hatfield Chase in South Yorkshire. Charles I was, in fact, Vermuyden's employer in the drainage of the Chase, and the work was undertaken as a means of raising additional rents for the Royal Exchequer. Vermuyden was himself an "adventurer" in the undertaking, putting capital into the venture and receiving the title to a considerable proportion of the drained lands. One of the important elements of his drainage designs was the principal of "washes", which were flat areas between the protective dykes and the rivers to carry flood waters, to prevent them spreading on to nearby land. Vermuyden faced bitter opposition from those whose livelihoods depended on the marshlands and who resorted to sabotage of the embankments and violence against his imported Dutch workmen to defend their rights. The work could not be completed until arbiters had ruled out on the respective rights of the parties involved. Disagreements and criticism of his engineering practices continued and he gave up his interest in Hatfield Chase. The Hatfield Chase undertaking was not a great success, although the land is now rich farmland around the river Don in Doncaster. However, the involved financial and land-ownership arrangements were the key to the granting of a knighthood to Cornelius Vermuyden in January 1628, and in 1630 he purchased 4,000 acres of low-lying land on Sedgemoor in Somerset.
    In 1629 Vermuyden embarked on his most important work, that of draining the Great Level in the fenlands of East Anglia. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, was given charge of the work, with Vermuyden as Engineer; in this venture they were speculators and partners and were recompensed by a grant of land. The area which contains the Cambridgeshire tributaries of the Great Ouse were subject to severe and usually annual flooding. The works to contain the rivers in their flood period were important. Whilst the rivers were contained with the enclosed flood plain, the land beyond became highly sought-after because of the quality of the soil. The fourteen "adventurers" who eventually came into partnership with the Earl of Bedford and Vermuyden were the financiers of the scheme and also received land in accordance with their input into the scheme. In 1637 the work was claimed to be complete, but this was disputed, with Vermuyden defending himself against criticism in a pamphlet entitled Discourse Touching the Great Fennes (1638; 1642, London). In fact, much remained to be done, and after an interruption due to the Civil War the scheme was finished in 1652. Whilst the process of the Great Level works had closely involved the King, Oliver Cromwell was equally concerned over the success of the scheme. By 1655 Cornelius Vermuyden had ceased to have anything to do with the Great Level. At that stage he was asked to account for large sums granted to him to expedite the work but was unable to do so; most of his assets were seized to cover the deficiency, and from then on he subsided into obscurity and poverty.
    While Cornelius Vermuyden, as a Dutchman, was well versed in the drainage needs of his own country, he developed his skills as a hydraulic engineer in England and drained acres of derelict flooded land.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1628.
    Further Reading
    L.E.Harris, 1953, Vermuyden and the Fens, London: Cleaver Hume Press. J.Korthals-Altes, 1977, Sir Cornelius Vermuyden: The Lifework of a Great Anglo-
    Dutchman in Land-Reclamation and Drainage, New York: Alto Press.
    KM / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius

  • 4 Arkwright, Sir Richard

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 23 December 1732 Preston, England
    d. 3 August 1792 Cromford, England
    [br]
    English inventor of a machine for spinning cotton.
    [br]
    Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.
    In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1786.
    Bibliography
    1769, British patent no. 931.
    1775, British patent no. 1,111.
    Further Reading
    R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (a thorough scholarly work which is likely to remain unchallenged for many years).
    R.L.Hills, 1973, Richard Arkwright and Cotton Spinning, London (written for use in schools and concentrates on Arkwright's technical achievements).
    R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, Manchester (concentrates on the work of Arkwright and Strutt).
    A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (covers the period leading up to the Industrial Revolution).
    F.Nasmith, 1932, "Richard Arkwright", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13 (looks at the actual spinning invention).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of Arkwright's invention).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Arkwright, Sir Richard

  • 5 receive

    transitive verb
    1) (get) erhalten; beziehen [Gehalt, Rente]; verliehen bekommen [akademischer Grad]

    ‘payment received with thanks’ — "Betrag dankend erhalten"

    she received a lot of attention/sympathy [from him] — es wurde ihr [von ihm] viel Aufmerksamkeit/Verständnis entgegengebracht

    receive [fatal] injuries — [tödlich] verletzt werden

    receive 30 days [imprisonment] — 30 Tage Gefängnis bekommen

    receive the sacraments/holy communion — (Relig.) das Abendmahl/die heilige Kommunion empfangen

    2) (accept) entgegennehmen [Bukett, Lieferung]; (submit to) über sich (Akk.) ergehen lassen

    be convicted for receiving [stolen goods] — (Law) der Hehlerei überführt werden

    3) (serve as receptacle for) aufnehmen
    4) (greet) reagieren auf (Akk.), aufnehmen [Angebot, Nachricht, Theaterstück, Roman]; empfangen [Person]
    5) (entertain) empfangen [Botschafter, Delegation, Nachbarn, Gast]
    6) (Radio, Telev.) empfangen [Sender, Signal]
    * * *
    [rə'si:v]
    1) (to get or be given: He received a letter; They received a good education.) erhalten
    2) (to have a formal meeting with: The Pope received the Queen in the Vatican.) empfangen
    3) (to allow to join something: He was received into the group.) aufnehmen
    4) (to greet, react to, in some way: The news was received in silence; The townspeople received the heroes with great cheers.) in Empfang nehmen
    5) (to accept (stolen goods) especially with the intention of reselling (them).) Hehlerei betreiben
    •
    - academic.ru/60662/receiver">receiver
    * * *
    re·ceive
    [rɪˈsi:v]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \receive sth etw erhalten [o bekommen]
    he \received his education at Eton and Oxford er wurde in Eton und Oxford ausgebildet
    they \received a visit from the police die Polizei stattete ihnen einen Besuch ab
    to \receive asylum/citizenship/a loan from sb Asyl/die Staatsbürgerschaft/einen Kredit von jdm [gewährt] bekommen
    to \receive a clean bill of health eine gute Gesundheit attestiert bekommen
    to \receive credit for sth für etw akk Anerkennung erhalten
    to \receive custody of one's children das Sorgerecht für seine Kinder zugesprochen bekommen
    to \receive Communion die heilige Kommunion empfangen
    to \receive the last rites die Letzte Ölung bekommen
    to \receive a pay increase mehr Gehalt bekommen
    to \receive a pension/a salary Rente/[ein] Gehalt beziehen
    to \receive a rebuke/a tongue-lashing eine Abfuhr/eine Abreibung bekommen fam
    to \receive a scolding ausgeschimpft werden
    to \receive a standing ovation stehende Ovationen erhalten
    to \receive recognition Anerkennung finden
    to \receive treatment behandelt werden
    to \receive a hearty [or warm] welcome herzlich empfangen werden
    2. (be awarded)
    ▪ to \receive sth etw erhalten [o [verliehen] bekommen]
    to \receive a degree einen akademischen Grad erhalten
    to \receive a knighthood in den Adelsstand erhoben werden
    to \receive a prize [or a reward] einen Preis [verliehen] bekommen, mit einem Preis ausgezeichnet werden
    3. (get in writing)
    ▪ to \receive sth etw erhalten; (take delivery of) etw annehmen [o entgegennehmen]
    to \receive authorization die Genehmigung erhalten
    to \receive clearance for sth die Freigabe für etw akk bekommen
    to \receive official notification of sth offiziell über etw akk informiert werden
    to \receive one's orders seine Befehle erhalten
    to \receive an ultimatum ein Ultimatum gestellt bekommen
    to \receive stolen goods Hehlerei mit Diebesgut betreiben
    to be convicted of receiving stolen property der Hehlerei überführt werden
    5. RADIO, TV
    ▪ to \receive sth etw empfangen
    to \receive sb loud and clear jdn laut und deutlich hören
    6. (form)
    to \receive an idea eine Idee formulieren
    to \receive an impression einen Eindruck gewinnen
    7. (consent to hear)
    ▪ to \receive sb/sth jdn/etw anhören; REL jdn/etw erhören
    to \receive sb's confession/an oath jdm die Beichte/einen Eid abnehmen
    to \receive a petition ein Gesuch entgegennehmen
    8. (be receptacle for) etw auffangen
    to \receive blood das Blut auffangen
    9. (suffer)
    ▪ to \receive sth blow, shock etw erleiden
    10. (react to)
    ▪ to \receive sth etw aufnehmen
    his speech was well \received seine Rede wurde positiv aufgenommen
    her suggestions were coldly \receive ihre Vorschläge trafen auf Ablehnung
    11. (welcome)
    ▪ to \receive sb jdn begrüßen
    the returning soldiers were \received as heroes die zurückkehrenden Soldaten wurden als Helden gefeiert [o empfangen
    12. (admit to membership)
    to \receive sb into an organization jdn in eine Organisation aufnehmen
    ▪ to \receive sb jdn unterbringen [o aufnehmen]
    ▪ to \receive sth etw unterbringen
    to \receive stock das Vieh unterbringen
    14.
    ▶ to \receive [no] quarter [nicht] verschont werden
    II. vi (in tennis) den Ball bekommen
    ▶ it is more blessed to give than to \receive ( prov) geben ist seliger denn nehmen prov
    * * *
    [rɪ'siːv]
    1. vt
    1) (= get) bekommen, erhalten; punch (ab)bekommen; refusal, setback erfahren; impression gewinnen, bekommen; recognition finden; (esp Brit JUR) stolen goods Hehlerei f (be)treiben mit; (TENNIS) ball, service zurückschlagen; sacrament empfangen

    to receive nothing but praise —

    "received with thanks" (Comm) — "dankend erhalten"

    2) offer, proposal, news, new play etc, person (into group, the Church) aufnehmen

    to receive a warm welcome —

    given the welcome we received... — so, wie wir empfangen worden sind,...

    3) (TELEC, RAD, TV) empfangen
    2. vi
    2) (JUR) Hehlerei f treiben
    3) (TENNIS) rückschlagen
    4) (TELEC) empfangen
    * * *
    receive [rıˈsiːv]
    A v/t
    1. einen Brief, Eindruck etc erhalten, bekommen, empfangen:
    receive attention Aufmerksamkeit finden oder auf sich ziehen;
    receive stolen goods Hehlerei treiben
    2. an-, entgegennehmen, in Empfang nehmen:
    receive sb’s confession jemandem die Beichte abnehmen
    3. Geld etc einnehmen, vereinnahmen
    4. RADIO, TV eine Sendung empfangen
    5. eine Last etc tragen, einer Last etc standhalten
    6. fassen, aufnehmen:
    7. erleben, erfahren, erleiden:
    receive a refusal eine Ablehnung erfahren, abgelehnt werden
    8. einen Armbruch etc davontragen:
    9. jemanden bei sich aufnehmen
    10. eine Nachricht etc aufnehmen, reagieren auf (akk):
    how did he receive this offer?;
    his book was well received sein Buch kam gut an
    11. einen Besucher etc empfangen, begrüßen
    12. jemanden zulassen (to, into zu)
    13. jemanden aufnehmen ( into in eine Gemeinschaft)
    14. eine Doktrin etc (als gültig) anerkennen
    15. etwas annehmen (as als):
    receive sth as prophecy etwas als Prophezeiung auffassen
    B v/i
    1. nehmen
    2. (Besuch) empfangen
    3. besonders Br Hehlerei treiben
    4. a) REL das Abendmahl empfangen
    b) KATH kommunizieren
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (get) erhalten; beziehen [Gehalt, Rente]; verliehen bekommen [akademischer Grad]

    ‘payment received with thanks’ — "Betrag dankend erhalten"

    she received a lot of attention/sympathy [from him] — es wurde ihr [von ihm] viel Aufmerksamkeit/Verständnis entgegengebracht

    receive [fatal] injuries — [tödlich] verletzt werden

    receive 30 days [imprisonment] — 30 Tage Gefängnis bekommen

    receive the sacraments/holy communion — (Relig.) das Abendmahl/die heilige Kommunion empfangen

    2) (accept) entgegennehmen [Bukett, Lieferung]; (submit to) über sich (Akk.) ergehen lassen

    be convicted for receiving [stolen goods] — (Law) der Hehlerei überführt werden

    4) (greet) reagieren auf (Akk.), aufnehmen [Angebot, Nachricht, Theaterstück, Roman]; empfangen [Person]
    5) (entertain) empfangen [Botschafter, Delegation, Nachbarn, Gast]
    6) (Radio, Telev.) empfangen [Sender, Signal]
    * * *
    (administer) Holy Communion expr.
    das Abendmahl empfangen (reichen) ausdr. v.
    bekommen v.
    empfangen v.
    erhalten v.
    retten v.

    English-german dictionary > receive

  • 6 Preece, Sir William Henry

    [br]
    b. 15 February 1834 Bryn Helen, Gwynedd, Wales
    d. 6 November 1913 Penrhos, Gwynedd, Wales
    [br]
    Welsh electrical engineer who greatly furthered the development and use of wireless telegraphy and the telephone in Britain, dominating British Post Office engineering during the last two decades of the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    After education at King's College, London, in 1852 Preece entered the office of Edwin Clark with the intention of becoming a civil engineer, but graduate studies at the Royal Institution under Faraday fired his enthusiasm for things electrical. His earliest work, as connected with telegraphy and in particular its application for securing the safe working of railways; in 1853 he obtained an appointment with the Electric and National Telegraph Company. In 1856 he became Superintendent of that company's southern district, but four years later he moved to telegraph work with the London and South West Railway. From 1858 to 1862 he was also Engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. When the various telegraph companies in Britain were transferred to the State in 1870, Preece became a Divisional Engineer in the General Post Office (GPO). Promotion followed in 1877, when he was appointed Chief Electrician to the Post Office. One of the first specimens of Bell's telephone was brought to England by Preece and exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1877. From 1892 to 1899 he served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Post Office. During this time he made a number of important contributions to telegraphy, including the use of water as part of telegraph circuits across the Solent (1882) and the Bristol Channel (1888). He also discovered the existence of inductive effects between parallel wires, and with Fleming showed that a current (thermionic) flowed between the hot filament and a cold conductor in an incandescent lamp.
    Preece was distinguished by his administrative ability, some scientific insight, considerable engineering intuition and immense energy. He held erroneous views about telephone transmission and, not accepting the work of Oliver Heaviside, made many errors when planning trunk circuits. Prior to the successful use of Hertzian waves for wireless communication Preece carried out experiments, often on a large scale, in attempts at wireless communication by inductive methods. These became of historic interest only when the work of Maxwell and Hertz was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. It is to Preece that credit should be given for encouraging Marconi in 1896 and collaborating with him in his early experimental work on radio telegraphy.
    While still employed by the Post Office, Preece contributed to the development of numerous early public electricity schemes, acting as Consultant and often supervising their construction. At Worcester he was responsible for Britain's largest nineteenth-century public hydro-electric station. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1899, after which he continued his consulting practice in association with his two sons and Major Philip Cardew. Preece contributed some 136 papers and printed lectures to scientific journals, ninety-nine during the period 1877 to 1894.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CB 1894. Knighted (KCB) 1899. FRS 1881. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers, 1880. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1880, 1893. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1898–9. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1901–2.
    Bibliography
    Preece produced numerous papers on telegraphy and telephony that were presented as Royal Institution Lectures (see Royal Institution Library of Science, 1974) or as British Association reports.
    1862–3, "Railway telegraphs and the application of electricity to the signaling and working of trains", Proceedings of the ICE 22:167–93.
    Eleven editions of Telegraphy (with J.Sivewright), London, 1870, were published by 1895.
    1883, "Molecular radiation in incandescent lamps", Proceedings of the Physical Society 5: 283.
    1885. "Molecular shadows in incandescent lamps". Proceedings of the Physical Society 7: 178.
    1886. "Electric induction between wires and wires", British Association Report. 1889, with J.Maier, The Telephone.
    1894, "Electric signalling without wires", RSA Journal.
    Further Reading
    J.J.Fahie, 1899, History of Wireless Telegraphy 1838–1899, Edinburgh: Blackwood. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.
    E.C.Baker, 1976, Sir William Preece, F.R.S. Victorian Engineer Extraordinary, London (a detailed biography with an appended list of his patents, principal lectures and publications).
    D.G.Tucker, 1981–2, "Sir William Preece (1834–1913)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:119–36 (a critical review with a summary of his consultancies).
    GW / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Preece, Sir William Henry

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